Abstraction

Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. Similarly, abstracting an emotional state to happiness reduces the amount of information conveyed about the emotional state. Computer scientists use abstraction to understand and solve problems and communicate their solutions with the computer in some particular computer language.

[Site] abstraction: Definition from Answers.com
abstract thinking n. Thinking characterized by the ability to use concepts and to make and understand generalizations, such as of the properties or
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Thought process

In philosophical terminology, abstraction is the thought process wherein ideasBut an idea can be symbolized. "A symbol is any device whereby we are enabled to make an abstraction." -- p.xi and chapter 20 of Suzanne K. Langer (1953), Feeling and Form: a theory of art developed from 'Philosophy in a New Key: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 431 pages, index. are distanced from object.

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From left, Elizabeth Banks, Justin Long and Seth Rogen in “Zack and Miri Make a Porno.” Skin Flick? Nah, It’s a Love Story

Abstraction uses a strategy of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus effective communication about things in the abstract requires an intuitive or common experience between the communicator and the communication recipient.

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For example, many different things can be red. Likewise, many things sit on surfaces (as in picture 1, to the right). The property of redness and the relation sitting-on are therefore abstractions of those objects. Specifically, the conceptual diagram graph 1 identifies only three boxes, two ellipses, and four arrows (and their nine labels), whereas the picture 1 shows much more pictorial detail, with the scores of implied relationships as implicit in the picture rather than with the nine explicit details in the graph.

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Graph 1 details some explicit relationships between the objects of the diagram. For example the arrow between the agent and CAT:Elsie depicts an example of an is-a relationship, as does the arrow between the location and the MAT. The arrows between the gerund SITTING and the nouns agent and location express the diagram's basic relationship; "agent is SITTING on location"; Elsie is an instance of CAT.

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for A Cat sitting on the Mat (graph 1)]]Although the description sitting-on (graph 1) is more abstract than the graphic image of a cat sitting on a mat (picture 1), the delineation of abstract things from concrete things is somewhat ambiguous; this ambiguity or vagueness is characteristic of abstraction. Thus something as simple as a newspaper might be specified to six levels, as in Douglas R. Hofstadter's illustration of that ambiguity, with a progression from abstract to concrete in Gödel, Escher, Bach (1979):

(1) a publication
(2) a newspaper
:(3) The San Francisco Chronicle
::(4) the May 18 edition of the Chronicle
:::(5) my copy of the May 18 edition of the Chronicle
::::(6) my copy of the May 18 edition of the Chronicle as it was when I first picked it up (as contrasted with my copy as it was a few days later: in my fireplace, burning)
An abstraction can thus encapsulate each of these levels of detail with no loss of generality. But perhaps a detective or philosopher/scientist/engineer might seek to learn about some thing, at progressively deeper levels of detail, to solve a crime or a puzzle.

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Referents

Abstractions sometimes have ambiguous referents; for example, "happiness" (when used as an abstraction) can refer to as many things as there are people and events or states of being which make them happy. Likewise, "architecture" refers not only to the design of safe, functional buildings, but also to elements of creation and innovation which aim at elegant solutions to construction problems, to the use of space, and at its best, to the attempt to evoke an emotional response in the builders, owners, viewers and users of the building.

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Instantiation

Things that do not exist at any particular place and time are often considered abstract. By contrast, instances, or members, of such an abstract thing might exist in many different places and times. Those abstract things are then said to be multiply instantiated, in the sense of picture 1, picture 2, etc., shown above.

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abstraction n. The act of abstracting or the state of having been abstracted. ... Geography Dictionary: abstraction ... Law Encyclopedia: Abstraction ...
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It is not sufficient, however, to define abstract ideas as those that can be instantiated and to define abstraction as the movement in the opposite direction to instantiation. Doing so would make the concepts 'cat' and 'telephone' abstract ideas since despite their varying appearances, a particular cat or a particular telephone is an instance of the concept "cat" or the concept "telephone". Although the concepts "cat" and "telephone" are abstractions, they are not abstract in the sense of the objects in graph 1 above.

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We might look at other graphs, in a progression from cat to mammal to animal, and see that animal is more abstract than mammal; but on the other hand mammal is a harder idea to express, certainly in relation to marsupial.

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One of a series of geometric abstractions which celebrate the twin legacies of Roman classical and Georgian neo-classical architecture in the city of Bath. These works mimic the linear formal classicism of the city's architecture and streets and the colours and forms of the stone and decorations (internal and external) of the buildings. These works are influenced by the later works of Chuck Close and also the geometric abstracts of Paul Klee. The concept of the ideal city is taken from the Italian Renaissance, as applied by John Wood in Bath to recreate the greatness of Roman Bath and its presumed Christian ideals. This dream of living in Roman splendour amist beautiful landscapes was also expressed in the contmporary Latin expression quot;Et in Arcadia Eco quot; - I too in Arcadia Lived! Wood wrote of creating a city 'that sets paradise itself before one's Eyes...the very Elysium Fields of the Ancients [which if viewed] from the summit of Beeching Cliff [would] ...appear much the same as Virgil declares Catthage to have appeared to Aeneas'. (John Wood, 'An Essay Towards a Description of Bath', second edition, 1765, p. 238 and 441 - quoted in 'Obsession: John Wood and the Creation of Georgian Bath', by the Buildings of Bath Museum, 2004, pp15-16).

Physicality

A physical object (a possible referent of a concept or word) is considered concrete (not abstract) if it is a particular individual that occupies a particular place and time.

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Abstract things are sometimes defined as those things that do not exist in reality or exist only as sensory experience, like the color red. That definition, however, suffers from the difficulty of deciding which things are real (i.e. which things exist in reality). For example, it is difficult to agree to whether concepts like God, the number three, and goodness are real, abstract, or both.

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An approach to resolving such difficulty is to use predicate as a general term for whether things are variously real, abstract, concrete, or of a particular property (e.g. good). Questions about the properties of things are then propositions about predicates, which propositions remain to be evaluated by the investigator. In the graph 1 above, the graphical relationships like the arrows joining boxes and ellipses might denote predicates. Different levels of abstraction might be denoted by a progression of arrows joining boxes or ellipses in multiple rows, where the arrows point from one row to another, in a series of other graphs, say graph 2, etc.

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Abstraction used in philosophy

Abstraction in philosophy is the process (or, to some, the alleged process) in concept-formation of recognizing some set of common features in individuals, and on that basis forming a concept of that feature. The notion of abstraction is important to understanding some philosophical controversies surrounding empiricism and the problem of universals. It has also recently become popular in formal logic under predicate abstraction. Another philosophical tool for discussion of abstraction is Thought space.

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Ontological status

The way that physical objects, like rocks and trees, have being differs from the way that properties of abstract concepts or relations have being, for example the way the concrete, particular, individuals pictured in picture 1 exist differs from the way the concepts illustrated in graph 1 exist. That difference accounts for the ontological usefulness of the word "abstract". The word applies to properties and relations to mark the fact that, if they exist, they do not exist in space or time, but that instances of them can exist, potentially in many different places and times.

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Perhaps confusingly, some philosophies refer to tropes (instances of properties) as abstract particulars. E.g., the particular redness of a particular apple is an abstract particular.

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In linguistics

Reification, also called hypostatization, might be considered a formal fallacy whenever an abstract concept, such as "society" or "technology" is treated as if it were a concrete object. In linguistics this is called metonymy, in which abstract concepts are referred to using the same sorts of nouns that signify concrete objects. Metonymy is an aspect of the English language and of other languages. It can blur the distinction between abstract and concrete things:
1805: Horatio Nelson (Battle of Trafalgar) - "England expects that every man will do his duty"

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photoshop experimentation

Compression

An abstraction can be seen as a process of mapping multiple different pieces of constituent data to a single piece of abstract data based on similarities in the constituent data, for example many different physical cats map to the abstraction "CAT". This conceptual scheme emphasizes the inherent equality of both constituent and abstract data, thus avoiding problems arising from the distinction between "abstract" and "concrete". In this sense the process of abstraction entails the identification of similarities between objects and the process of associating these objects with an abstraction (which is itself an object).
For example, picture 1 above illustrates the concrete relationship "Cat sits on Mat".
Chains of abstractions can therefore be constructed moving from neural impulses arising from sensory perception to basic abstractions such as color or shape to experiential abstractions such as a specific cat to semantic abstractions such as the "idea" of a CAT to classes of objects such as "mammals" and even categories such as "object" as opposed to "action".
For example, graph 1 above expresses the abstraction "agent sits on location".

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This conceptual scheme entails no specific hierarchical taxonomy (such as the one mentioned involving cats and mammals), only a progressive compression of detail.

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The neurology of abstraction

Some research into the human brain suggests that the left and right hemispheres differ in their handling of abstraction. For example, one meta-analysis reviewing human brain lesions has shown a left hemisphere bias during tool usageJames W. Lewis "Cortical Networks Related to Human Use of Tools" 12 (3): 211-231 The Neuroscientist (June 1, 2006). .

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Abstraction in art

Most typically abstraction is used in the arts as a synonym for abstract art in general. Strictly speaking, it refers to art unconcerned with the literal depiction of things from the visible world Encyclopaedia Britannica--it can, however, refer to an object or image which has been distilled from the real world, or indeed, another work of art. Artwork that reshapes the natural world for expressive purposes is called abstract; that which derives from, but does not imitate a recognizable subject is called nonobjective abstraction. In the 20th century the trend toward abstraction coincided with advances in science, technology, and changes in urban life, eventually reflecting an interest in psychoanalytic theory. Catherine de Zegher and Hendel Teicher (eds.), 3 X Abstraction. NY/New Haven: The Drawing Center/Yale University Press. 2005. ISBN 0-300-10826-5 Later still, abstraction was manifest in more purely formal terms, such as color, freed from objective context, and a reduction of form to basic geometric designs. National Gallery of Art: Abstraction.

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In music, abstraction refers to the abandonment of tonality. Atonal music has no key signature, and lacking an externally imposed standard, is characterized by its internal relationships. Washington State University: Glossary of Abstraction.

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Abstraction in psychology

Jung's definition of abstraction broadened its scope beyond the thinking process to include exactly four mutually exclusive, opposing complementary psychological functions: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking. Together they form a structural totality of the differentiating abstraction process. Abstraction operates in one of these opposing functions when it excludes the simultaneous influence of the other functions and other irrelevancies such as emotion. Abstraction requires selective use of this structural split of abilities in the psyche. The opposite of abstraction is concretism. Abstraction is one of Jung's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of Psychological Types.

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There is an abstract thinking, just as there is abstract feeling, sensation and intuition. Abstract thinking singles out the rational, logical qualities ... Abstract feeling does the same with ... its feeling-values. ... I put abstract feelings on the same level as abstract thoughts. ... Abstract sensation would be aesthetic as opposed to sensuous sensation and abstract intuition would be symbolic as opposed to fantastic intuition. (Jung, [1] (1971):par. 678).

Origins

The first symbols of abstract thinking in humans can be traced to fossils dating between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago in Africa. Abstract Engravings Show Modern Behavior Emerged Earlier Than Previously Thought Ancient Engravings Push Back Origin of Abstract Thoug

[Image]
Detail

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Seattle artist Roy McMakin strikes gold with his show "Purplish" at James Harris Gallery, writes Seattle Times art critic Sheila Farr.

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Definition of abstraction from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary with audio pronunciations, thesaurus, Word of the Day, and word games.
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Daniel Haxall, assistant professor of art history at Kutztown University, will present a Gallery Talk at 12:10 p.m. today at the Palmer Museum of Art.

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Copyright © Argazkilari 64 All rights reserved

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I read aloud as I write my elegy On A Halloween Night- To sing my prose To keep my spirit guide -company; When I write aloud, When I write aloud; The difference is: The residue that filaments from my brain to the page.

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An experiment with pointillism -- using grains of color to make this macro of an orange blossom look more like an abstract painting. I like to experiment with at least one photo in a series.

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[News] IN THE GALLERIES: Foreground Memory
Maggie Michael's paintings appear to be speaking to each other, and it's not difficult to understand how her paintings can speak to a viewer, too.

[Image]
Dach einer Umhausung für Einkaufswagen in Wiesbaden. Roof of a cot for supermarket trolleys in Wiesbaden. ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ Abstraktion (lat. abstractus- quot;abgezogen quot; Partizip Perfekt Passiv von abs-trahere – quot;abziehen, wegschleppen, -führen; entfernen, trennen quot;) bezeichnet einen Denkprozess, der bestimmte Eigenschaften von nicht-dinglichen und dinglichen Einheiten (Entitäten) zur Begriffsbildung in sprachliche Beschreibungen fasst. Nichtdingliche Einheiten sind zum Beispiel: quot;die Kälte quot;, quot;die Eilfertigkeit quot;, quot;die Wachsamkeit quot; und dingliche Einheiten quot;Fahrrad quot;, quot;Haus quot;, quot;Baum quot;. Alle mentalen Denkprozesse ob geisteswissenschaftlich oder naturwissenschaftlich, sind durch Abstraktion ein Konstruieren einer abstrakten Wirklichkeit, die nur den Menschen als denkendes Wesen zugänglich sind. So ist der Inhalt der Zeichnung eines Architekten eine nicht-dinglich dargestellte Abstraktion des noch zu bauenden Hochhauses - das erst dann konkrete (dingliche) Wirklichkeit erlangt, wenn es gebaut ist. Abstrakte Kunst ist eine Kunstrichtung, die mit dem Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts begann, als die ersten Maler sich, als unmittelbare Folge der immer weiter voranschreitenden Entwicklung der Fotografie, immer weiter von der Wiedergabe oder Interpretation der realen Natur in ihrer Malerei entfernten. Man sprach deshalb auch von quot;gegenstandsloser Kunst quot;, ihre überzeugten Anhänger von quot;absoluter Malerei quot;. Zu den Wegbereitern der abstrakten Malerei gehören der französische Maler Francis Picabia (1879–1953) und der Russe Wassily Kandinsky (1866–1944), der sein erstes abstraktes Bild eigenen Angaben zufolge im Jahr 1911 malte. ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ Abstraction is the process of generalization by reducing the information content of a concept or an observable phenomenon, typically in order to retain only information which is relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to a ball retains only the information on general ball attributes and behaviour. Similarly, abstracting happiness to an emotional state reduces the amount of information conveyed about the emotional state. Abstraction typically results in complexity reduction leading to a simpler conceptualization of a domain in order to facilitate processing or understanding of many specific scenarios in a generic way. Most typically abstraction is used in the arts as a synonym of abstract art in general. It can, however, refer to any object or image which has been distilled from the real world, or indeed another work. In the truest sense, abstract art is not really abstract. ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ L’abstraction en peinture se réfère a une peinture non-représentative, et non non-figurative, car il peut y avoir, et il y a très souvent la présence de figures dans la peinture dite abstraite. L’art abstrait nait au début du XXe siècle avec, entre autres, Wassily Kandinsky ou František Kupka. ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ Il termine astrazione indica il procedimento mentale attraverso il quale si sostituisce un insieme di oggetti con un concetto, più generale, che descrive gli oggetti in base a proprietà a loro comuni. Per esempio, a partire dall'insieme di tutte le automobili esistenti, si può ricavare il concetto generico di automobile in base alle caratteristiche condivise da tutte le auto (hanno quattro ruote, un volante, ecc.). La parola deriva dal latino abstrahere (scostare). L'Astrattismo è un'esperienza artistica nata nei primi anni del XX secolo, in zone d'Europa lontane tra loro, dove si sviluppò senza intenti comuni. Il termine indica quelle opere pittoriche e plastiche che esulano dalla rappresentazione oggettiva della realtà. ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ ▪▫■ □ □ ■▫▪ La abstracción (del latín abstrahere, quot;separar quot;) es, en filosofía, una operación mental por la que una determinada propiedad de un objeto se aísla conceptualmente, a efectos de reflexionar sobre ella sin tomar en consideración otros rasgos de aquel que momentáneamente se desea ignorar. Si, a partir de la reflexión o la comparación de múltiples objetos, la propiedad que se aísla es lo que se considera común a los mismos, el objeto de la abstracción es un universal; la cuestión de si los universales existen o no de alguna manera separadamente de la reflexión intelectual sobre ellos (es decir, si efectivamente existe algo común a los objetos, más allá de la hipótesis concebida por la persona que los contempla) y, de existir, cuál es su naturaleza, es uno de los temas que más disputas ha producido en metafísica, y uno de los criterios fundamentales que separan a empiristas y realistas. Arte abstracto, estilo artístico que surgió alrededor de 1910 y cuyas consecuencias múltiples han hecho de él una de las manifestaciones más significativas del espíritu del siglo XX. El arte abstracto deja de considerar justificada la necesidad de la representación figurativa y tiende a sustituirla por un lenguaje visual autónomo, dotado de sus propias significaciones. Este lenguaje se ha elaborado a partir de las experiencias fauvistas y expresionistas, que exaltan la fuerza del color y desembocan en la llamada abstracción lírica o informalismo, o bien a partir de la estructuración cubista, que da lugar a las diferentes abstracciones geométricas y constructivas.

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“Moira Dryer opened up something new in abstract painting and helped relocate something that had always been there. That something that no one else talks about because we lack a credible vocabulary to define: the vernacular soul. ...

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